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在产品成本中，原材料成本和制造成本是艰难的成本，占60％以上，研发成本，销售成本，管理成本，售后成本和财务成本是软成本，占30％以上。这两项成本是检查公司的运营能力，属于可控成本。系列逆变器的价格从2010年的瓦特3元减少到2019年的瓦特0.3元。主要是原材料和管理储蓄。另一种成本是制造商的无法控制的成本，即认证成本，这是光伏制造商心脏的永恒疼痛。

In order to enter the market of a country, photovoltaic products must be certified by the country. This is a key to the market and can not be avoided. The certification of each country is different. The grid-connected standard of inverters in China is NB/T32004, VDE/BDEW in Germany, UL in the United States, JET in Japan and SAA in Australia. To be fair, in the early stage of photovoltaic development, domestic manufacturers are not familiar with foreign standards. Foreign TUV and other standards agencies enter China to help domestic manufacturers correct their products and meet the requirements of developed countries, such as Europe and the United States, so as to enter the European and American markets.

The procedures for obtaining certification in China are as follows:

1.应用：在线申请（相关信息附件）

2.键入测试（即刻板印象测试）阶段：一般在设计刻板印象阶段，企业开发代表性样本，并将它们发送到实验室进行标准全规模测试（除非实施规则除外）。失败可以纠正，直到合格。

3. Factory inspection stage: inspect the quality assurance capability of the factory (including quality management elements and product design, production process control, procurement of key products, inspection and other requirements) to confirm that the enterprise has the ability to produce qualified products consistent with those sent to the laboratory for inspection. After the first factory inspection of similar products is qualified, the factory inspection report is valid within one year.

4. Evaluating and issuing certificates: In the case of holding valid inspection reports (or confirmation forms) and factory inspection reports, the certification authority shall complete the evaluation work and issue certificates within five working days (after payment by the enterprise).

Assessment content:

Complete data (application form, registration certificate, etc.);

Correctness of information (applicant/manufacturer name address and business license, factory address consistent with inspection report, etc.);

检查项目的完整性，工厂检验报告的有效性等。

5. Post-certification supervision:

Certified enterprises need annual supervision (including product sampling inspection) to ensure that they can produce qualified products continuously and effectively (the most important concern is product consistency). If the supervision and inspection are not qualified, the certificate will be suspended. If the certificate can not be rectified for three months, the certificate will be revoked.

From the above certification procedures, we can see that certification can help enterprises control and improve product quality from all aspects (product design stereotyping, procurement control and inspection of key components, production process control, final product inspection, etc.).

可以说，不同国家的安全认证是光伏逆变器的护照进入国际市场。由于世界各地不同国家的网格系统和网桥互联的政策的差异，仍然难以平稳地通过安全认证。

Is it true that the more certification is done, the better the product quality?

The answer is no, although the country's standard names are different, but more than 95% of the test content is the same, all from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) TC82 working group developed standards. More certification, in addition to repeated testing, multiple charges, there is no other benefit.

在IEC组织中，TC82工作组特别责任光伏相关国际标准的汇编。在这个工作组中，来自世界各地的光伏领域有许多专家，许多具有丰富电网工作经验的专家。目前，IEC的组件标准是三：IEC61730安全性，IEC61215性能，IECS 62804测试方法;变频器：IEC62109安全IEC62116性能，IEC62727 IEC 61683网格连接。

如果经国内外一套主流国家和地区认证，其中欧洲国家的一系列主流国家和地区认证，中型80kW系列逆变器将花费200多万元，包括欧洲国家的约60,000名认证，从德国中电压BDEW超过500,000次认证，超过400,000次低压通过中国和美国超过500,000 ul认证。

The unreasonable fee system that makes manufacturers suffer is mainly as follows:

1. For the same product, the testing equipment and parameters are basically the same. If it is to be certified by more than 10 countries, it will charge more than 10 fees.

2. Standards and certificates are valid for the same period of time. In some countries, the standards are revised once in 2-3 years. In fact, the contents are not too bad, but certificates must be redone and charged once again.

3. Because of the fierce market competition, equipment manufacturers such as inverters have to upgrade their products frequently. Only the board has been slightly changed and the certification has to be done again.

一些国家，如匈牙利，印度尼西亚，马来西亚等国家，直接采用IEC标准。这些国家的光伏产业也可以正常发展。已证明，除了建立贸易壁垒和保护产品外，各国建立的光伏标准还增加了认证机构的利润机会，并间接阻碍了行业的发展。世界标准可以减轻制造商的负担，并帮助光伏产业向前发展。

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